{"id":1308,"date":"2017-11-02T05:24:10","date_gmt":"2017-11-02T05:24:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/?p=1308"},"modified":"2021-09-08T11:18:08","modified_gmt":"2021-09-08T11:18:08","slug":"operational-amplifier","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/index.php\/2017\/11\/02\/operational-amplifier\/","title":{"rendered":"Operational Amplifier"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Introduction to the Operational Amplifier<\/h2>\n<p>The Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is very versatile.&nbsp; &nbsp; We can use the Op-Amp to compare voltages, or to amplify audio signals.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;By comparing voltages, we can build a voltage regulator circuit that is controlled by transistors.&nbsp; &nbsp; When using the op-amp as an amplifier, we can take weak signals, and amplify the signals into large signals.<\/p><div id=\"bryce-3709726315\" class=\"bryce-afterfirst bryce-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-8316758073402323\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-8316758073402323\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7728240895\" \ndata-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>In this demonstration, we will compare two signals.&nbsp; &nbsp;Before we look at our actual circuit, I will explain how the operational amplifier is going to work.&nbsp; I generated this schematic symbol with <a href=\"http:\/\/fritzing.org\">Fritzing<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1309 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/opAmpBasic.png\" alt=\"OpAmp Schematic\" width=\"386\" height=\"346\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/opAmpBasic.png 386w, https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/opAmpBasic-300x269.png 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 386px) 100vw, 386px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 386px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 386\/346;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The + input is the &#8220;Non-Inverting&#8221; input.&nbsp; &nbsp; The &#8211; Input is the inverting input.&nbsp; &nbsp; When the + is larger than the -, our output will be positive.&nbsp; &nbsp; If the &#8211; terminal is at a higher potential than the + terminal, the output will swing toward the LOW side that we supply to the Op-Amp.<\/p>\n<h2>Operational Amplifier Circuit<\/h2>\n<p>Consider the following diagram.&nbsp; &nbsp;I generated this diagram with <a href=\"http:\/\/tinkercad.com\">tinkercad<\/a>.&nbsp; This is a 741 Op-Amp<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1310 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/FullComparatorLabeled.png\" alt=\"Full OpAmp Labeled\" width=\"581\" height=\"440\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/FullComparatorLabeled.png 581w, https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/FullComparatorLabeled-300x227.png 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 581px) 100vw, 581px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 581px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 581\/440;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Pin 2 is our inverting input.&nbsp; &nbsp;Our Pin 3 is the non-inverting input.&nbsp; &nbsp;Pin 7 is our HIGH supply voltage, which is 5v.&nbsp; &nbsp;Pin 4 is the LOW supply, which is currently at ground potential.&nbsp; If Pin 2 is higher than Pin 3, the output will be toward ground.&nbsp; &nbsp; If Pin 3 is higher than Pin 2, the output will be positive.&nbsp; &nbsp; Due to the gain of the op-amp, there will be a small range on the potentiometer that is linear.&nbsp; &nbsp;This continues until the op-amp becomes saturated.&nbsp; &nbsp;When the Op-amp becomes saturated, our output will continue to max out at 5v (or very near).<\/p>\n<h2>Inverting Circuit (Reference)<\/h2>\n<p>Pin 2 will be our reference of about 2.5 volts.&nbsp; &nbsp; Let&#8217;s take a closer look at the inverting circuit.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1311 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Inverting.png\" alt=\"Inverting Circuit\" width=\"89\" height=\"219\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 89px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 89\/219;\"><\/p>\n<p>At the right of the image, you will notice a 5K Resistor feeding Pin 2.&nbsp; &nbsp;From Pin 2, we also have another 5K resistor in series that is going to ground.&nbsp; &nbsp; This effectively divides the voltage by 2.&nbsp; Therefore at Pin 2, you will have 2.5 volts.<\/p>\n<h2>Non-Inverting Circuit<\/h2>\n<p>Let&#8217;s look at our variable signal (non-inverting):<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1312 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/noninverting.png\" alt=\"non-inverting circuit\" width=\"143\" height=\"236\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 143px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 143\/236;\"><\/p>\n<p>Here, we feed the +5v into the right side of the 10K potentiometer.&nbsp; &nbsp; The other side of the potentiometer is at ground.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;When the pot is fully counter-clockwise, the wiper will read 0v.&nbsp; &nbsp; When the pot is fully clockwise, the wiper will be at +5v.&nbsp; &nbsp;We still have a voltage divider as before, but this time, we are feeding a variable signal into pin 3.<\/p>\n<h2>Operation<\/h2>\n<p>Recall that pin 2 is our reference of +2.5v.&nbsp; &nbsp; If pin 3 is below 2.5v, the output will be at ground.&nbsp; &nbsp;When the pot is slightly above 2.5v, the Op-Amp will be in it&#8217;s linear region.&nbsp; &nbsp;A small variation in the pot will cause a large variation on the output.&nbsp; &nbsp; Once the pot is turned past the linear region, the op-amp will be in saturation, and the output will max out near 5v.<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s test our work:<\/p>\n<p>Here, we are past the linear range, so we max out near 5v at this point.&nbsp; &nbsp;The output will stay at 5v from this point, to the remainder of the clockwise range.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1313 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/LinearRange.png\" alt=\"Linear Range\" width=\"581\" height=\"440\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/LinearRange.png 581w, https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/LinearRange-300x227.png 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 581px) 100vw, 581px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 581px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 581\/440;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In this example, our pot is turned below 2.5v (half way).&nbsp; &nbsp; This means the inverting input of 2.5v is higher than the non-inverting input.&nbsp; &nbsp;Therefore our output will be at ground.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1314 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Zero.png\" alt=\"Op-Amp Zero\" width=\"587\" height=\"464\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Zero.png 587w, https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Zero-300x237.png 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 587px) 100vw, 587px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 587px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 587\/464;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In this last example, we are within the linear operating range, and a very small change in the signal from the pot is providing a huge change in the output.&nbsp; &nbsp; The Op-Amp is acting as a true amplifier.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1315 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/linearoperating.png\" alt=\"Linear Operating\" width=\"593\" height=\"455\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/linearoperating.png 593w, https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/linearoperating-300x230.png 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 593px) 100vw, 593px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 593px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 593\/455;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The gain can be adjusted, and other modes of operating can be achieved by changing the wiring of the circuit and the values of the resistors.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8212; Ricky Bryce<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"bryce-1039954914\" class=\"bryce-after-content bryce-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-8316758073402323\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-8316758073402323\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"4667596182\" \ndata-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction to the Operational Amplifier The Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is very versatile.&nbsp; &nbsp; We can use the Op-Amp to compare voltages, or to amplify audio signals.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;By comparing voltages, we can build a voltage regulator circuit that is controlled by transistors.&nbsp; &nbsp; When using the op-amp as an amplifier, we can take weak signals, <a class=\"moretag btn btn-primary\" href=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/index.php\/2017\/11\/02\/operational-amplifier\/\">Read More \u00bb<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1310,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[81,80],"class_list":{"0":"post-1308","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-beginner","8":"tag-opamp","9":"tag-operational-amplifier","10":"czr-hentry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) circuit and basic operation.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Operational Amplifier uses, and an example of how an operational amplifier (op-amp) can be used to compare two voltages from different sources.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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