{"id":14269,"date":"2022-11-06T22:08:06","date_gmt":"2022-11-06T22:08:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/?p=14269"},"modified":"2022-11-06T22:08:09","modified_gmt":"2022-11-06T22:08:09","slug":"cosmac-1802-or-and","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/index.php\/2022\/11\/06\/cosmac-1802-or-and\/","title":{"rendered":"COSMAC 1802 OR &#038; AND"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction to COSMAC 1802 OR &amp; AND Statements<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>COSMAC 1802 OR &amp; AND instructions allow us to manipulate data.  These instructions work on all 8 bits of a word at a time.  These instructions work just like standard bit level logic gates work.  They just perform the operation bit by bit on all 8 bits.<\/p><div id=\"bryce-2601469210\" class=\"bryce-afterfirst bryce-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-8316758073402323\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-8316758073402323\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7728240895\" \ndata-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In this section, we&#8217;ll take a look at the various OR &amp; AND instructions available in the 1802.  Additionally, we&#8217;ll discuss ways that we can use them in our code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I&#8217;ll be using the <a href=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/index.php\/2022\/10\/22\/a18-assembler-for-cosmac\/\">A18 Assembler<\/a> in this post.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"555\" height=\"287\" data-src=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/image-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14275 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/image-6.png 555w, https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/image-6-300x155.png 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 555px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 555\/287;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Basically, both instructions will look at two words of data.  Let&#8217;s consider only bit zero for a second.  If we look just at bit 0, and in both of the words, bit 0 is high, then the AND statement is true.  Therefore, you will have a 1 in the destination.  On the other hand, the OR statement works a bit differently.  only one of the two bits need to be high to get a 1 in the destination.  There is also a XOR instruction.  With the XOR instruction, one or the other must be high, but not both, to get a 1 in the destination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s take a look at the result of 2 words.  Look at these one column at a time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code><strong>OR              XOR             AND<\/strong>\n1100 0101       1100 0101       1100 0101   (C5 Hex)\n1001 0111       1001 0111       1001 0111   (97 Hex)\n_________       _________       _________\n1101 0111(D7H)  0101 0010(52H)  1000 0101(85H)  <strong>&lt;-- Results<\/strong>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">OR Type Statements (COSMAC 1802 OR &amp; AND Instructions)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We have two types of OR statements in the COSMAC:  OR, and ORI.  OR works with a memory location.  X points to the scratchpad register that contains the address of the data.  We OR this value with what is in the accumulator.  The result goes back to the accumulator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On the other hand, we have an ORI instruction.  This instruction will OR an immediate value with the accumulator.  The result goes back to the accumulator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At this point, let&#8217;s take a look at some logic to see how these instructions would operate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">OR Instruction:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Remember, when we OR words together bit for bit, we only need one bit or both bits to be true in any particular bit location.   Let&#8217;s say our COSMAC can start 8 motors.  One memory location might represent an Operator request to energize any motor.  Another memory cell would be the automatic requests.  If either the manual or automatic bit goes true at any bit position, then we write a 1 to the same bit position of the destination.  This bit position in the destination will go high.  The motor will start.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>BREAK:      EQU     2765H\nVALUE1:     EQU     8200H\nVALUE2:     EQU     8201H\nVALUE3:     EQU     8202H\nRA\t        EQU     10\nRB\t        EQU     11\nRC\t        EQU     12\n\n            ORG     8000H\nINIT:       LOAD    RA,VALUE1\n            LOAD    RB,VALUE2\n            LDI     0C5H\n            STR     RA\n            \nSTART:      LDI     97H\n            SEX     RA\n            OR\n            STR     RB\n            \nEND:        LBR     BREAK\n            \n            END\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Test your work!  Memory cell 8201H should contain the value of D7H.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ORI Instruction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>ORI will OR the accumulator with an immediate value.  We don&#8217;t need a whole lot of logic to make this one happen.  Let&#8217;s take a look at how we would do the same thing as above with the ORI instruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>BREAK:      EQU     2765H\nVALUE1:     EQU     8200H\n\nRA\t        EQU     10\n\n\n            ORG     8000H\n            \nINIT:       LOAD    RA, VALUE1\n            \nSTART:      LDI     0C5H\n            ORI     97H\n            STR     RA\n            \nEND:        LBR     BREAK\n            \n            END<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Take a look at memory location 8200 at this point.  The value should be D7H.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">XOR Type Statements (Exclusive OR)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At this point, we&#8217;ll take a look at the XOR instruction.  We use the XOR to reverse bits.  In other words,  we just turn on bit positions in a mask that we want to reverse in the source.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Effectively, we can use this to compare two numbers as well.  If we XOR two numbers that are the same, then the result is zero.  We can use this before on a BZ (Branch when D Zero) instruction.  Let&#8217;s say we are executing a loop, and the loop is running up toward the value of 100.  If we save the accumulator to memory, then XOR it with 100, the accumulator will be zero when our loop reaches 100 counts (hex).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s take a look at a couple of examples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">XOR (Exclusive OR) Instruction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The XOR statement will XOR a memory location with the accumulator.  The result goes back to the accumulator.  The memory location of the source value is in a register that X designates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>BREAK:      EQU     2765H\nVALUE1:     EQU     8200H\nVALUE2:     EQU     8201H\nVALUE3:     EQU     8202H\nRA\t        EQU     10\nRB\t        EQU     11\nRC\t        EQU     12\n\n            ORG     8000H\nINIT:       LOAD    RA,VALUE1\n            LOAD    RB,VALUE2\n            LDI     0C5H\n            STR     RA\n            \nSTART:      LDI     97H\n            SEX     RA\n            XOR\n            STR     RB\n            \nEND:        LBR     BREAK\n            \n            END<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Take a look at address 8201.  Your result should be 52H.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">XRI (XOR Immediate) Instruction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The XRI will XOR the accumulator with an immediate value.  we specify the immediate value after the XRI instruction.  Let&#8217;s take a look at this, and see if we get the results we expect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>BREAK:      EQU     2765H\nVALUE1:     EQU     8200H\n\nRA\t        EQU     10\n\n\n            ORG     8000H\n            \nINIT:       LOAD    RA, VALUE1\n            \nSTART:      LDI     0C5H\n            XRI     97H\n            STR     RA\n            \nEND:        LBR     BREAK\n            \n            END\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Check memory location 8200H.  If it worked, then you should have the value of 52H.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">AND Type Statements( COSMAC 1802 OR &amp; AND Instructions)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We use and object when we want to require the bit position of 2 words to be high in order to write a 1 to the destination.  We can use the AND statements as permissives.  For example, I turn on bit 7 in the source.  Bit 7 must also be turned on in the compare word to get a 1 on the destination.  Both bits of the same position must be high for the destination bit to be high.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">AND Instruction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We use the AND statement to AND a word of memory with the accumulator.  The location of the memory data is in a register that X designates.  Let&#8217;s take a look at some code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>BREAK:      EQU     2765H\nVALUE1:     EQU     8200H\nVALUE2:     EQU     8201H\nVALUE3:     EQU     8202H\nRA\t        EQU     10\nRB\t        EQU     11\nRC\t        EQU     12\n\n            ORG     8000H\nINIT:       LOAD    RA,VALUE1\n            LOAD    RB,VALUE2\n            LDI     0C5H\n            STR     RA\n            \nSTART:      LDI     97H\n            SEX     RA\n            AND\n            STR     RB\n            \nEND:        LBR     BREAK\n            \n            END\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Take a look at address 8201H.  The result should be 85<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ANI Instruction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>At this point, we&#8217;ll look at the ANI statement.  This will simply AND the accumulator with an immediate value.  We place the immediate value right after the ANI Instruction.  As I said before, the result goes back to the accumulator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>BREAK:      EQU     2765H\nVALUE1:     EQU     8200H\n\nRA\t        EQU     10\n\n\n            ORG     8000H\n            \nINIT:       LOAD    RA, VALUE1\n            \nSTART:      LDI     0C5H\n            ANI     97H\n            STR     RA\n            \nEND:        LBR     BREAK\n            \n            END\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>At this point, take a look at address 8200.  Obviously, the result should be 85 as before.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For more information, visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/index.php\/category\/vintage-computers\/cosmac\/\">COSMAC Category Page!<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8212; Ricky Bryce<\/p>\n<div id=\"bryce-492591851\" class=\"bryce-after-content bryce-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-8316758073402323\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-8316758073402323\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"4667596182\" \ndata-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction to COSMAC 1802 OR &amp; AND Statements COSMAC 1802 OR &amp; AND instructions allow us to manipulate data. These instructions work on all 8 bits of a word at a time. These instructions work just like standard bit level logic gates work. They just perform the operation bit by bit on all 8 bits. <a class=\"moretag btn btn-primary\" href=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/index.php\/2022\/11\/06\/cosmac-1802-or-and\/\">Read More \u00bb<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14275,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[821,727],"tags":[325,326,330],"class_list":{"0":"post-14269","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-cosmac","8":"category-vintage-computers","9":"tag-and","10":"tag-or","11":"tag-xor","12":"czr-hentry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>COSMAC 1802 OR &amp; AND - Bryce Automation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"We&#039;ll discuss the COSMAC 1802 OR &amp; AND instructions, how to use them in logic, and practical programming examples.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bryceautomation.com\/index.php\/2022\/11\/06\/cosmac-1802-or-and\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"COSMAC 1802 OR &amp; 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